General Surgery

An ingrown toenail occurs when the nail edge grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, inflammation, and possible infection. It most commonly affects the great toe and can recur if not properly managed.

Varicose veins are dilated, tortuous superficial veins, most commonly in the legs, caused by venous insufficiency. They are often chronic and can cause discomfort, cosmetic concerns, or complications if untreated.

Thyroid enlargement (goiter) or nodules are usually benign, though a small proportion may be malignant. They can be diffuse or nodular and sometimes cause compressive or hormonal symptoms.

Testicular torsion is a urological emergency where the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to the testis. Most common in adolescents, it can occur at any age and requires urgent intervention to prevent testicular loss.

Wound suturing is the closure of lacerations or surgical incisions using stitches to promote healing, prevent infection, and restore function and cosmesis. Performed under local or general anesthesia depending on depth and location, sutures are applied layer by layer for strength and alignment. Absorbable or non-absorbable sutures are chosen based on wound site. Diagnosis includes assessment of wound depth, contamination, and tissue viability. Postoperative care involves keeping the wound clean, suture removal in 7–14 days, and monitoring for infection or wound dehiscence.

Wound debridement involves the removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to promote healing, reduce infection risk, and accelerate recovery. Indicated for chronic or infected wounds, burns, and ulcers, the procedure may be performed under local or general anesthesia using surgical, mechanical, or enzymatic methods. Diagnosis is clinical, with imaging if deeper structures are involved. Postoperative care includes dressing changes, pain management, infection monitoring, and follow-up to ensure proper wound healing.

Surgery on the spleen or lymph nodes is performed for disease management or diagnostic purposes. Indications include splenomegaly, trauma, lymphoma, infection, or diagnostic biopsy for malignancy. Under general anesthesia, open or laparoscopic approaches are used for spleen removal, while lymph nodes are excised carefully to avoid surrounding structures. Diagnosis relies on imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI) and blood tests. Postoperative care includes hospital monitoring, vaccinations if spleen removed, pain management, and wound care to ensure recovery and prevent complications.

Skin and subcutaneous surgery involves excision of cysts, lipomas, or benign/malignant lesions for cosmetic or functional improvement. Procedures are performed under local or general anesthesia, with careful excision and wound closure using sutures. Advanced techniques may be employed to minimize scarring if cosmetic outcomes are important. Diagnosis includes clinical examination, imaging such as ultrasound or MRI for deep lesions, and biopsy if malignancy is suspected. Postoperative care involves keeping the wound clean, managing pain, and follow-up to monitor healing and recurrence.