Gastroenterology

Constipation is a common gastrointestinal symptom characterised by infrequent bowel movements (typically fewer than three per week), hard or lumpy stools, straining during defecation, or a sensation of incomplete evacuation.

Fatty liver is a condition characterised by the accumulation of excess fat (triglycerides) in hepatocytes, exceeding 5–10% of liver weight. It encompasses a spectrum from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis.

Gallstones are solid deposits forming inside the gallbladder from bile components. Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct. This blockage leads to bile buildup, pain, and infection. The condition may appear as intermittent biliary colic or sudden acute inflammation. Gallbladder disease can range from mild discomfort to severe, potentially dangerous complications if untreated, requiring timely diagnosis and appropriate medical or surgical management. Early recognition helps prevent serious outcomes and improves recovery.

Gastritis refers to inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the gastric mucosa, which can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (persistent or recurrent). It may involve the entire stomach or specific regions.